Test review

SOME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Expanded the Roman Empire further into Africa
  He set up civil service to run the government/empire
  Building a network of roads
  Collecting taxes
  Establishing a postal service
  Administering the grain supply
  Building awesome public facilities
  Buildings, aqueducts
  Setting up a police department
  Running a fire-fighting organization
  • Finally died of natural causes
  
  AGE OF EMPERORS ranged between good, bad, INSANE emperors
  TIBERIUS Ruled from AD 14 to AD 37
  an excellent general, but a reluctant emperor
  after the death of his son, he exiled himself from Rome and left his prefects in charge
  • died at age 77
  • 
    
  CALIGULA Ruled from AD 37 to AD 41 (only 4 years!)
  won a power struggle after Tiberius' death
  known for his cruelty, extravagance, and perversity - an insane tyrant
  assassinated by a group of praetorian guards, Senators, and the imperial court, trying to re-establish the Republic
  but it didn't work
  CLAUDIUS Ruled from AD 41 to AD 54
  suffered from many infirmities: a limp, stammering, shaking, slobbering... possibly because of cerebral palsy
  took over because he was the last adult male in the family
  ruled well - built roads, aqueducts, canals, and started the conquest of Britain
  died by poisoning - it was his last wife's plan (she wanted her son Nero to rise to power)
  NERO ruled from 54 to 68
  emphasized the arts
  huge fire in 64 (although he DIDN'T fiddle)
  he wanted to rebuild Rome to be more majestic
  he hugely overspent, and even raided the temples for money
  historians do not look kindly on him

CEASER SEIZING POWER
Serves as consul (one year)

Appoints himself governor of Gaul

Pompey is jealous, becomes his rival

Caesar’s armies clash with Pompey’s in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt (Caesar - winning!)

In 44BC he is named dictator - first for six months, then for life

CEASER'S REFORMS

• Granted citizenship to people in provinces

Expanded the Senate, adding his friends

Created jobs for the poor, especially through public works projects

Increased pay for soldiers

• Started colonies where those without land could own property

“Sic semper tyrannis!”---- Thus always to tyrants!”
ASSASSINATION
Why? The senators saw Caesar’s rise in power as a huge threat to their political viability How? They lured him into the Senate, stabbing him 23 times, making sure all were involved

Who? Even Brutus, Caesar’s ally (“et tu, Brute?”)

Senators were not punished

Octavian was named Julius Caesar’s sole heir

Basically, this is the end of the republic

AFTERMATH TO THE MURDER Julius Caesar’s grandnephew - and adopted son - Octavian takes over at the age of 18! with his own triumvirate

Mark Antony is an experienced general

Lepidus is a powerful politician

• This is the Second Triumvirate

A DOOMED ALLIANCE
Octavian forces the weak Lepidus to retire

He and Mark Antony become rivals

Mark Antony partners up with Cleopatra of Egypt

Militarily

Personally

Politically

Economically

Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium

OCTAVIAN ON HIS OWN He is now the unchallenged ruler of Rome

He was given the honorific “Augustus”

“Exalted one”

He was also given the title “imperator”

Supreme military commander

This is where we get the word “emperor”

Now Rome is an empire, not a republic

OCTAVIAN AINT KNOW TARQUIN 40 years of ruling as emperor (27 BC to AD 14)

He began a stable era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (Roman peace)

Pax Romana was 207 years long

27 BC to AD 180

poor plebs

• keep plebs happy

• the poet Juvenal said Rome "anxiously hopes for 2 things (Breads and Circuses)"

• bread (free grain from the state) 

• Circus Maximus, Colesseum, partly to keep them alive, and partly too keep them quiet, distracted and docile.

a change in rule

• Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebs (even though he was ultimately unsuccessful)

• military generals worked that angle--lead an army that conquers a land, then give them a share in spoils 

• soldiers' loyalty was to their military leader, not necessarily to Rome or to the Republic.

NO ONE BETTER THAN CAESAR

• Julius Caesar

• (100- 44 BCE) 

• a highly successful general

• he conquered the huge territory of Gaul

Politics

• made common folks happy

• good speaker

• made friends in high places 

• Pompey (a general who conquered Syria and Palestine)

• Crassus (the richest man in Rome, one of the richest men of history (Rome)

• The Bill Gates of back then

• these 3 men formed the First Triumvirate ("rule of 3 men")

CROSSING THE RUBICON

• After attacking Gaul, the Senate stops Caesar and his army at the Rubicon River

• GO BIG OR GO HOME

• Army goes attacking

Roman Legion

• 5000 soldiers> not yet in it for pay

• the Romans army's elite heavy infantry

• recruited excessively from citizens of Rome

• group of 80's a century

• on horseback in a cavlary

• shield, sword, dagger, and armor and a tunic

*PUNIC WARS (264-146 BCE)*

• Rome vs. Carthage

• 3 wars

2 empires fight for control

• First Punic War (254-241 BCE)

• naval battles for control of the strategically located on the island of Sicily

• Rome wins

Second Punic War

• 29 y.o. Carthaginian general Hannibal almost does the impossible (takes Rome) 

• attacks Rome from NORTH after crossing Iberia (Spain) and the Alps

• lays siege to much of the peninsula for 15 years, but he can never get to Rome

• Rome:2 ; Carthage:0

Third and Final Punic War (149-146)

• Rome wanted to finally remove the threat of Carthage 

• Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, and others mercilessly attacked the city

• Carthage was burned for 17 days; the city walls and buildings were utterly destroyed

• when the wore ended, the last 50k people in the city were sold into slavery

• the rest of Carthage's territories were annexed (part of Rome) and made into Roman province. 

--------------------------------
 Economic Change and Social Upheavel

• slaves poured into Italy (50,000 Carthaginians; 150,000 greeks, 50,000 POW

• by the end of the second century BCE there was over a million slaves in Italy

• small farmers lost their land to aristocrats (for little or no money) if they couldn't pay there debts, sometimes because the men of the farm were fighting battles

• slaves did the work for the rich

• the big farms became massive estates called latifundia. 

We distinguished the differences between Rome and the US government in class.

• Res publica-- the people's affairs

• brand new republic-- ready to run

• aristocracy (300 members)

• monarchy (the consuls)

• not a tyranny

GOV'T ANCIENT ROME

• originally, the US modeled their new government on the model used by the Romans 

• NOT THE SAME

• both have 3 branches of government

• executive--consuls

• legislative--sentate

• judicial--assembly

• both have a legal code

3 BRANCHES - ROME/US
EXECUTIVE
SPQR

• 1 year terms

• each has veto power

• controls the military

• 2 consuls

• could appoint a dictator in a crisis for 6 month term

USA

• President + VP

• 4 year terms

• veto proposed laws

• commander-in-chief of the military

LEGISLATIVE
SPQR

• senate-300 people- aristocrats- members for life

• assemblies (either Centuriate or Tribal) 193 members (later 373)-- members for life

USA

• Senate--100 senators (2 from each state)

• 6-year terms

• H.O.R.-- 435 members (55 from Cali, MD has 8 (AK, DE, MT, ND, SD, VT, WY have 1)

• 2 year terms

JUDICIAL
SPQR

• Praetors

• chosen by the Centuriate Assembly

• 1 year terms

USA

• Supreme Court

• 9 members

• lifetime terms

• appointed by President, confirmed by the Senate

legal code--ROMAN/USA
ROME

• 12 tables

• publically displayed

• gave rights to plebs, not only aristocrats

• only protected free-born male citizens

• not women

USA

• Bill of Rights (10 amendments)